<h1>Data Centre Industry</h1> <p>Singapore's data centre industry is one of Southeast Asia's largest and most connectivity-dense digital-infrastructure clusters, hosting operational capacity exceeding 1.4 gigawatts as of 2024 and serving as the physical backbone for cloud computing, financial services, and artificial-intelligence workloads across the region (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>). The sector sits at the intersection of Singapore's digital-economy ambitions — the digital economy contributed roughly 17% of gross domestic product in 2022 — and its land, power, and water constraints as a compact city-state (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>; see <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.business-industry.startup-ecosystem">startup ecosystem</a> and <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.daily-life.telco-and-internet">telco and internet</a>). Unlike many countries where data centre growth is largely market-driven, Singapore allocates new capacity through a government-managed Call for Application (CFA) exercise led by the Economic Development Board (EDB) and the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA), making sustainability and strategic economic value explicit gatekeeping criteria; dated capacity awards and DC-CFA2 thresholds are tabulated in <a href="/en/knowledge/dataset/sgkb.data.data-centre-industry-anchors">data centre industry anchors</a> (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/edb-and-imda-launch-pilot-data-centre-call-for-application-to-support-sustainable-growth-of-data-centres.html">EDB DC-CFA launch, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p> <h2>Singapore as a regional data centre hub</h2> <p>Singapore's data centre industry draws on the country's broader position as a trusted business and digital hub: dense submarine-cable landings, strong intellectual-property protection, cross-border data-flow agreements, and a skilled technology workforce (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>). As of 2024, Singapore's operational data centre capacity per capita exceeded that of Australia, China, Japan, South Korea, and the United Kingdom, and key markets such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Seoul, Sydney, and Tokyo (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>). The Digital Connectivity Blueprint launched in June 2023 targets doubling submarine-cable landings over the following decade, reinforcing the connectivity case for hosting compute in Singapore rather than in lower-cost neighbouring markets (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p> <p>The industry spans colocation operators that rent rack space to enterprise tenants and hyperscale cloud providers that build and operate facilities for their own platforms. Major colocation and carrier-neutral operators with a Singapore footprint include Equinix, Digital Realty, Global Switch, Keppel Data Centres, ST Telemedia Global Data Centres, AirTrunk, Princeton Digital Group, and GDS Holdings, while hyperscale cloud regions are operated by Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/four-data-centre-proposals-selected-as-part-of-pilot-data-centre-call-for-application.html">EDB four DC-CFA winners, accessed Aug 2026</a>; <a href="https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/startups-tech/technology/government-awards-80-mw-new-capacity-4-data-centre-operators-pilot">Business Times DC-CFA pilot, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Facilities cluster in three main corridors: Jurong and Jurong East, Tai Seng, and the Loyang–Tuas–Changi belt near Changi and the eastern industrial estates. Singtel's data-centre unit Nxera and Keppel continue to expand within these zones, including Nxera's 58-megawatt DC Tuas facility targeted for operations by end-2026 (<a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/edb-imda-launch-second-exercise-to-expand-data-centre-capacity">ST DC-CFA2, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p> <h2>The 2019 moratorium and the Call for Application model</h2> <p>Singapore's data centre industry entered a managed-growth phase in 2019 when the Government informed operators of a temporary pause on new data centre developments while EDB and IMDA reviewed how to reconcile digital-infrastructure demand with climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/edb-and-imda-launch-pilot-data-centre-call-for-application-to-support-sustainable-growth-of-data-centres.html">EDB DC-CFA launch, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Projects already authorised before the pause could still proceed, but no fresh capacity allocations were made until the review concluded. The Minister for Trade and Industry announced in January 2023 that the sector review was complete, and in July 2022 EDB and IMDA launched a pilot Data Centre – Call for Application (DC-CFA) as the primary mechanism for allocating new capacity on a calibrated, sustainability-first basis (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/edb-and-imda-launch-pilot-data-centre-call-for-application-to-support-sustainable-growth-of-data-centres.html">EDB DC-CFA launch, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p> <p>The pilot DC-CFA, which opened in July 2022, invited operators to submit proposals demonstrating state-of-the-art energy efficiency, decarbonisation pathways, contribution to Singapore's regional connectivity, and broader economic value (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/edb-and-imda-launch-pilot-data-centre-call-for-application-to-support-sustainable-growth-of-data-centres.html">EDB DC-CFA launch, accessed Aug 2026</a>). In July 2023, after receiving more than 20 proposals, EDB and IMDA provisionally awarded about 80 megawatts of new critical IT load capacity to four winners: Equinix, GDS, Microsoft, and an AirTrunk–ByteDance consortium (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/four-data-centre-proposals-selected-as-part-of-pilot-data-centre-call-for-application.html">EDB four DC-CFA winners, accessed Aug 2026</a>; <a href="https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/startups-tech/technology/government-awards-80-mw-new-capacity-4-data-centre-operators-pilot">Business Times DC-CFA pilot, accessed Aug 2026</a>). The DC-CFA model replaced an open market in which any operator with land and power could build; since 2022, all new greenfield capacity must win a CFA allocation before proceeding.</p> <p>On 1 December 2025, EDB and IMDA launched the second exercise (DC-CFA2), offering at least 200 megawatts of new capacity — with potentially more through innovative green-energy pathways — and tightening sustainability thresholds beyond the pilot round (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/dam/edb-en/about-edb/media-releases/news/launch-of-second-data-centre-call-for-application/Launch%20of%20second%20data%20centre-call%20for%20application.pdf">EDB DC-CFA2 factsheet, accessed Aug 2026</a>; <a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/edb-imda-launch-second-exercise-to-expand-data-centre-capacity">ST DC-CFA2, accessed Aug 2026</a>). DC-CFA2 applicants must achieve a Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of 1.25 or better at 100% IT load, obtain Building and Construction Authority (BCA)–IMDA Green Mark for Data Centres 2024 Platinum certification, deploy IT equipment meeting the Singapore Standard SS 715:2025 on data-centre IT energy efficiency, and source at least 50% of facility power from eligible green-energy pathways such as biomethane, low-carbon ammonia or hydrogen, novel fuel cells with carbon capture, or building-integrated photovoltaics (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/dam/edb-en/about-edb/media-releases/news/launch-of-second-data-centre-call-for-application/Launch%20of%20second%20data%20centre-call%20for%20application.pdf">EDB DC-CFA2 factsheet, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Companies with uniquely differentiated strategic proposals may alternatively approach EDB through the Strategic Digital Infrastructure Scheme (SDIS) (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/dam/edb-en/about-edb/media-releases/news/launch-of-second-data-centre-call-for-application/Launch%20of%20second%20data%20centre-call%20for%20application.pdf">EDB DC-CFA2 factsheet, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p> <p>On <strong>21 August 2026</strong>, EDB and IMDA announced that they had <strong>provisionally allocated 200 MW of new capacity to four data-centre operators</strong> through DC-CFA2 (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/four-data-centre-proposals-selected-as-part-of-second-data-centre.html">EDB, four data-centre proposals selected under DC-CFA2</a>, accessed 21 August 2026). This is a provisional allocation outcome, not proof that all four facilities are already operational; the earlier DC-CFA2 offer and its sustainability thresholds remain the policy context for interpreting the announcement.</p> <h2>Green Data Centre Roadmap and sustainability standards</h2> <p>The Green Data Centre Roadmap, launched by IMDA on 29 May 2024, sets the sector-wide sustainability framework that the CFA exercises implement in practice (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/resources/press-releases-factsheets-and-speeches/press-releases/2024/sg-announces-green-data-centre-roadmap">IMDA Green DC Roadmap press release, accessed Aug 2026</a>). The Roadmap aims to provide at least 300 megawatts of additional data centre capacity in the near term, with potentially another 200 megawatts and more unlocked through green-energy deployments, while pushing the entire installed base toward higher efficiency over a ten-year horizon (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>). This sits within Singapore's wider <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.environment-sustainability.green-plan-2030">green plan 2030</a> net-zero-by-2050 trajectory and complements EMA's energy-transition planning in <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.environment-sustainability.energy-and-power-grid">energy and power grid</a>.</p> <p>On facility efficiency, IMDA targets all data centres in Singapore achieving PUE below 1.3 at 100% IT load within ten years of the Roadmap — a threshold current best-in-class designs can already meet (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Singapore pioneered a Tropical Data Centre standard allowing facilities to run safely at higher ambient temperatures and humidity, reducing cooling energy in the equatorial climate, and the Roadmap refreshed the BCA–IMDA Green Mark for Data Centres (GMDC) certification by end-2024 while introducing SS 715:2025 standards for IT equipment and liquid-cooling adoption by 2025 (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>). As AI workloads push rack densities from roughly 8 kilowatts per rack in 2020 toward 20–100 kilowatts per rack, the Roadmap encourages hybrid air- and liquid-cooling configurations and research through the Sustainable Tropical Data Centre Testbed at the National University of Singapore (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p> <p>On water, data centres are significant users: the median Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE) among large Singapore data centres (those consuming at least 60,000 cubic metres of water annually) was 2.2 cubic metres per megawatt-hour in 2021, and IMDA and the national water agency PUB target reducing sector WUE to 2.0 m³/MWh or lower over ten years through cooling-tower optimisation and recycling (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>). EDB offers co-funding through the Resource Efficiency Grant for Emissions and Investment Allowance for Emissions Reduction to support retrofitting existing facilities, while IMDA's Green Computing Funding Initiative allocated S$30 million from January 2024 for software-level energy-efficiency research (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p> <h2>Hyperscale investment and the Jurong Island expansion</h2> <p>Hyperscale cloud providers anchor much of the demand driving Singapore's data centre pipeline. AWS announced in May 2024 plans to invest an additional S$12 billion in its existing Singapore cloud infrastructure from 2024 to 2028, bringing total planned investment in the AWS Asia Pacific (Singapore) Region to more than S$23 billion by 2028 — on top of S$11.5 billion invested from 2010 through 2023 — with an estimated S$23.7 billion contribution to Singapore GDP and roughly 12,300 full-time-equivalent jobs supported annually in the supply chain by 2028 (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/aws-to-invest-an-additional-12billion-in-singapore-by-2028.html">EDB AWS investment, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Microsoft was among the four pilot DC-CFA winners and continues expanding Azure infrastructure in Singapore as part of a broader Southeast Asia cloud and AI investment programme (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/four-data-centre-proposals-selected-as-part-of-pilot-data-centre-call-for-application.html">EDB four DC-CFA winners, accessed Aug 2026</a>; <a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/edb-imda-launch-second-exercise-to-expand-data-centre-capacity">ST DC-CFA2, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Google Cloud operates an established cloud region in Singapore and continues capacity expansion alongside regional peers.</p> <p>A notable new site is on <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.business-industry.petrochemicals-industry">Jurong Island</a>, where EDB has reserved about 20 hectares for Singapore's largest low-carbon data centre park, with potential capacity of up to 700 megawatts to support AI-driven demand, integrated into the island's broader shift toward hydrogen, ammonia, and sustainable aviation fuel infrastructure (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/jurong-island-marks-25-years-with-new-low-carbon-partnerships.html">EDB Jurong Island partnerships, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Locating hyperscale capacity on Jurong Island allows operators to tap adjacent low-carbon energy pilots — including ammonia and hydrogen projects under EMA study — rather than drawing exclusively on the mainland natural-gas-dominated grid described in <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.environment-sustainability.energy-and-power-grid">energy and power grid</a>. Johnson Controls, a cooling-systems supplier, expanded its Singapore regional hub in 2025 citing Asia-Pacific data centre growth, reflecting the downstream industrial ecosystem the sector supports (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/johnson-controls-expands-singapore-hub-for-data-centre-tech.html">EDB Johnson Controls, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p> <h2>Power demand, constraints, and regional spillover</h2> <p>Data centres are among Singapore's fastest-growing electricity consumers. As of 2025, data centres accounted for an estimated 7% of national energy consumption, a share projected to rise to 12% by 2030 as cloud and AI workloads expand (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/johnson-controls-expands-singapore-hub-for-data-centre-tech.html">EDB Johnson Controls, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Within the domestic information and communications sector, data centres represent about 82% of carbon emissions, making the sector's decarbonisation central to Singapore's digital sustainability goals (<a href="https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap/green-dc-roadmap.pdf">IMDA Green DC Roadmap, accessed Aug 2026</a>). EMA's Electricity Demand and Supply Outlook (2025) projects system peak demand growing at a compound annual rate of 2.4%–4.8% from 2025 to 2034, with an upper-bound scenario explicitly incorporating additional demand from data centres and advanced manufacturing (<a href="https://www.ema.gov.sg/content/dam/corporate/regulations/policy-papers/pdf-files/EMA-Regulations-Policies-Info-Paper-On-Electricity-Demand-And-Supply-Outlook-2025.pdf">EMA Outlook 2025, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p> <p>Singapore's land scarcity, tropical cooling needs, and finite domestic renewable potential mean the CFA model deliberately caps how fast capacity can grow. The pilot round allocated only 80 megawatts from more than 20 bids; DC-CFA2 offers at least 200 megawatts but imposes stricter green-power sourcing that ties expansion to the pace of low-carbon energy infrastructure — including regional electricity imports that EMA is developing toward a 6-gigawatt low-carbon import target by 2035 (<a href="https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/dam/edb-en/about-edb/media-releases/news/launch-of-second-data-centre-call-for-application/Launch%20of%20second%20data%20centre-call%20for%20application.pdf">EDB DC-CFA2 factsheet, accessed Aug 2026</a>; see <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.environment-sustainability.energy-and-power-grid">energy and power grid</a>). Analysts and industry observers note that hyperscale operators increasingly build bulk capacity in neighbouring Johor (Malaysia), Jakarta, and Bangkok where land and power are cheaper, while retaining Singapore for latency-sensitive, premium-tier workloads — a pattern that preserves Singapore's hub status without unconstrained local growth (<a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/edb-imda-launch-second-exercise-to-expand-data-centre-capacity">ST DC-CFA2, accessed Aug 2026</a>). The tension between Singapore's digital-economy ambitions and its <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.environment-sustainability.green-plan-2030">green plan 2030</a> energy targets is therefore structural: the data centre industry can grow, but only as fast as efficiency gains and green-power supply allow under EDB and IMDA's allocation gatekeeping.</p>