<h1>Singapore Exchange</h1>
<p>Listing-reform anchors: the Mainboard profit test became effective in <strong>October 2025</strong> (<code>october_2025_effective</code>) and uses consolidated <strong>pre-tax profit in the latest financial year</strong> (<code>pretax_profit_latest_fy</code>); the 2025 reforms moved toward <strong>consolidation toward SGX RegCo</strong> (<code>consolidation_toward_regco</code>) for listing-suitability and prospectus review while MAS retained statutory oversight (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2025/review-group-completes-equities-market-review">MAS Equities Market Review</a>; <a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/mas/news/media-releases/2025/annex-a---final-report.pdf">MAS final report</a>, accessed 16 August 2026).</p>
<p>Singapore Exchange (SGX) is the integrated securities and derivatives exchange group through which companies list equity, trust, and bond instruments in Singapore, and through which investors trade shares, futures, foreign-exchange contracts, and commodity derivatives. Formed in 1999 by merging the Stock Exchange of Singapore and the Singapore International Monetary Exchange, SGX operates the trading platforms, the Central Depository clearing house, and Singapore Exchange Regulation (SGX RegCo), which acts as frontline regulator for listings and market conduct. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) remains the statutory capital-markets regulator under the Securities and Futures Act. SGX is therefore a market infrastructure institution at the centre of Singapore's <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.economy-finance.banking-and-financial-hub">financial hub</a> — distinct from banks, fund managers, and MAS itself, but essential to how capital is raised, priced, and transferred; dated SGX turnover, listing, REIT, and reform figures are maintained in <a href="/en/knowledge/dataset/sgkb.data.capital-markets-anchors">capital markets anchors</a>.</p>
<h2>SGX Group structure and regulatory roles</h2>
<p>SGX is not a single venue but a group of licensed entities under Singapore Exchange Limited, a company listed on its own Mainboard since 2000. The securities trading arm (SGX-ST) runs the cash equities market; the derivatives exchange (SGX-DT) lists futures and options; Central Depository (Pte) Limited (CDP) clears, settles, and holds securities; and SGX RegCo enforces listing rules and market conduct. MAS supervises the group under the Securities and Futures Act and related legislation, including the Exchanges (Demutualisation and Merger) Act 1999 that created the integrated exchange on 1 December 1999 (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/regulation/acts/Exchanges-Demutualisation-and-Merger-Act">MAS, accessed Aug 2026</a>). This split matters for retrieval: SGX RegCo decides whether a company may list and whether disclosures meet rule requirements, while MAS sets capital-markets law, approves exchange licences, and retains statutory powers over prospectus registration and enforcement. Confusing the exchange operator with MAS leads to wrong answers about who licenses brokers or sets monetary policy (see <a href="/en/knowledge/article/sgkb.economy-finance.mas-and-monetary-policy">mas and monetary policy</a>).</p>
<h2>Mainboard, Catalist, and market benchmarks</h2>
<p>Singapore's listed equities trade on two boards with different admission philosophies. The Mainboard targets more established issuers and sets quantitative admission tests — including, since 29 October 2025, a profit test requiring consolidated pre-tax profit of at least S$10 million in the latest financial year, reduced from S$30 million under reforms recommended by MAS's Equities Market Review Group (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/mas/news/media-releases/2025/annex-a---final-report.pdf">MAS final report, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Catalist, launched in 2007, is a sponsor-supervised board for growth companies: aspirant issuers engage an approved sponsor for due diligence and ongoing support, and Catalist does not impose the Mainboard's minimum profit threshold, though spread and governance requirements still apply. The benchmark Straits Times Index (STI) tracks large Mainboard constituents; in 2025 the STI closed at a record 4,655.38 on 30 December and delivered a 22.7% price return, or 28.8% with reinvested dividends, according to SGX market statistics (<a href="https://links.sgx.com/1.0.0/corporate-announcements/H3L2VGGP9YCWRZI2/">SGX, accessed Aug 2026</a>). STI-linked products remain a major share of cash-market turnover: STI constituent stocks accounted for about 80% of SGX securities trading value in 2025 (<a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/capital-markets-currencies/sgxs-securities-daily-average-value-2025-jumps-21-highest-2010">The Straits Times, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<h2>Derivatives, FX, and commodities</h2>
<p>SGX's derivatives franchise is often larger in contract volume than its cash equities market and serves regional hedging and investment demand beyond Singapore-listed shares. In 2025 derivatives volume across equities, foreign exchange, and commodities rose 10% to a record 329 million contracts; foreign-exchange futures volume reached 79.3 million contracts for the full year, also a record (<a href="https://links.sgx.com/1.0.0/corporate-announcements/H3L2VGGP9YCWRZI2/">SGX, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Flagship contracts include MSCI Singapore index futures (SiMSCI), China A50 and Nifty index products, USD/CNH FX futures, and iron ore derivatives — the iron ore suite recorded its seventh consecutive annual volume record in 2025 (<a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/capital-markets-currencies/sgxs-securities-daily-average-value-2025-jumps-21-highest-2010">The Straits Times, accessed Aug 2026</a>). This derivatives depth is a separate pillar of Singapore's capital-markets identity from domestic IPO activity: institutions use SGX to manage currency, commodity, and regional equity risk even when they do little business in Singapore-listed stocks.</p>
<h2>Listing process and the disclosure-based shift</h2>
<p>Until 2025, a Mainboard IPO typically required parallel review by SGX RegCo on listing suitability and by MAS on prospectus registration under Part 13 of the Securities and Futures Act — a dual-track process that issuers said lengthened time-to-market (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/mas/news/media-releases/2025/annex-a---final-report.pdf">MAS final report, accessed Aug 2026</a>). MAS and SGX RegCo have since moved toward consolidating listing suitability and prospectus review under SGX RegCo for Mainboard listings, with MAS delegating prospectus lodgment and registration functions while retaining statutory oversight (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2025/review-group-completes-equities-market-review">MAS, accessed Aug 2026</a>). The broader policy direction is a more disclosure-based regime: lower prescriptive merit tests at admission, clearer ongoing disclosure obligations, and heavier reliance on market discipline, research coverage, and enforcement rather than ex-ante approval of business quality. Post-listing oversight has also been recalibrated — for example, SGX RegCo removed the Financial Watch List in October 2025 and shifted toward targeted queries and issuer announcements of sustained losses (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/mas/news/media-releases/2025/annex-a---final-report.pdf">MAS final report, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Companies considering a Singapore listing still need sponsor or issue-manager support, audited financials, and continuous disclosure after listing; the reforms mainly reduce duplicated regulator engagement and align quantitative thresholds with other major exchanges.</p>
<h2>Clearing, settlement, and how investors hold shares</h2>
<p>Most Singapore retail investors hold SGX-listed securities through CDP direct accounts or broker accounts linked to CDP's book-entry system. CDP provides integrated clearing, settlement, and depository services — including dividend payments and corporate-action processing — so trades settle through the central counterparty rather than bilateral delivery between buyers and sellers (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/mas/news/media-releases/2025/annex-a---final-report.pdf">MAS final report, accessed Aug 2026</a>). From 15 July 2026, rule changes allow depository agents to hold client securities in omnibus broker custody accounts, aligning with practice in several other markets and enabling brokers to offer portfolio services, fractional trading, and robo-advisory wrappers for local shares; retail investors may still keep direct CDP accounts if they prefer (<a href="https://links.sgx.com/FileOpen/20260701%20SGX%20custody%20structure%20enhancements%20to%20take%20effect%20from%20July%20board%20lot%20reduction%20in%20October.ashx?App=Announcement&FileID=895053">SGX, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Trading mechanics are also changing: from 5 October 2026, the standard board lot for eligible instruments priced above S$10 and up to S$100 falls from 100 units to 10, and for instruments above S$100 from 100 units to 1, lowering minimum ticket sizes for high-priced bank and REIT counters (<a href="https://links.sgx.com/FileOpen/20260701%20SGX%20custody%20structure%20enhancements%20to%20take%20effect%20from%20July%20board%20lot%20reduction%20in%20October.ashx?App=Announcement&FileID=895053">SGX, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Board lot size is a trading convention, not a separate securities law: brokerage and exchange fees still apply per transaction.</p>
<h2>REITs, IPOs, and capital raising</h2>
<p>Singapore is a major listing venue for real estate investment trusts (REITs) and property trusts. As of the fourth quarter of 2025, Singapore had 41 REITs and property trusts with combined market capitalisation of about S$104 billion, representing roughly 10% of overall listed equity market value (<a href="https://www.reitas.sg/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/SGX-Research-SREIT-Property-Trusts-Chartbook-Q4_2025.pdf">REITAS/SGX chartbook, accessed Aug 2026</a>). REIT issuance has driven recent IPO momentum: MAS reported that IPOs raised over S$2 billion in 2025, the strongest year since 2019, with REIT listings a major contributor alongside a handful of operating-company debuts (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2025/review-group-completes-equities-market-review">MAS, accessed Aug 2026</a>). The listing count nonetheless faces structural pressure — delistings have exceeded new listings in several recent years, and market participants continue to debate Catalist quality — so capital-raising headlines can improve even while the total number of listed securities drifts lower. Cross-border connectivity initiatives, including a proposed dual-listing bridge with Nasdaq for larger growth companies (market capitalisation from about S$2 billion) and a planned Global Listing Board with harmonised disclosure, aim to widen the issuer pipeline beyond purely domestic candidates (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2025/review-group-completes-equities-market-review">MAS, accessed Aug 2026</a>).</p>
<h2>Market revitalisation and 2024–2026 reforms</h2>
<p>From August 2024, MAS chaired an Equities Market Review Group to recommend demand- and supply-side measures after years of thin liquidity and weak small-cap participation relative to regional peers. Implemented and announced measures include a S$5 billion Equity Market Development Programme (EQDP) placing public-sector capital with selected fund managers to build Singapore-equity mandates — S$3.95 billion allocated across nine managers by November 2025 (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2025/review-group-completes-equities-market-review">MAS, accessed Aug 2026</a>); a S$30 million "Value Unlock" package for listed-company investor relations and strategy; GEMS research-grant enhancements; tax incentives for funds investing substantially in Singapore-listed equities; and trading-structure changes such as board-lot reduction and broker custody. Early indicators cited by MAS include average daily securities turnover of S$1.53 billion in the third quarter of 2025, up 16% year-on-year and the highest since the first quarter of 2021, and full-year 2025 securities daily average value of almost S$1.5 billion, up 21% and the highest since 2010 (<a href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2025/review-group-completes-equities-market-review">MAS, accessed Aug 2026</a>; <a href="https://links.sgx.com/1.0.0/corporate-announcements/H3L2VGGP9YCWRZI2/">SGX, accessed Aug 2026</a>). Revitalisation is therefore a coordinated public-policy programme around SGX infrastructure, not a single rule change inside the exchange — and its success depends on sustained institutional and retail demand, not only on listing-rule liberalisation.</p>